Saturday, December 28, 2024

Removing Duplicates from an Unsorted Array in Java

 


Removing duplicates from an array is a common programming task. In this blog post, we'll explore different methods to achieve this in Java, focusing on unsorted arrays.

1. Using a HashSet

A HashSet is a collection that stores unique elements. By adding all elements of the array to a HashSet, we can effectively remove duplicates.

import java.util.HashSet;

import java.util.Set;


public class RemoveDuplicates {


    public static int[] removeDuplicates(int[] arr) {

        Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();

        for (int num : arr) {

            set.add(num);

        }


        int[] result = new int[set.size()];

        int i = 0;

        for (int num : set) {

            result[i++] = num;

        }


        return result;

    }


    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4, 5, 4};

        int[] uniqueArr = removeDuplicates(arr);


        System.out.print("Array with duplicates removed: ");

        for (int num : uniqueArr) {

            System.out.print(num + " ");

        }

    }

}


Time Complexity: O(n)

2. Using Two Pointers

This approach iterates through the array and maintains two pointers:

 * i: The current index.

 * j: The index for the next unique element.

public class RemoveDuplicates {


    public static int[] removeDuplicates(int[] arr) {

        int j = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

            boolean isDuplicate = false;

            for (int k = 0; k < i; k++) {

                if (arr[i] == arr[k]) {

                    isDuplicate = true;

                    break;

                }

            }

            if (!isDuplicate) {

                arr[j++] = arr[i];

            }

        }


        int[] result = new int[j];

        System.arraycopy(arr, 0, result, 0, j);

        return result;

    }


    // ... (main method as in the previous example)

}


Time Complexity: O(n^2)

3. Sorting and Removing Duplicates

This method first sorts the array and then iterates through it, removing adjacent duplicates.

import java.util.Arrays;


public class RemoveDuplicates {


    public static int[] removeDuplicates(int[] arr) {

        Arrays.sort(arr);


        int j = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++) {

            if (arr[i] != arr[i + 1]) {

                arr[j++] = arr[i];

            }

        }

        arr[j++] = arr[arr.length - 1];


        int[] result = new int[j];

        System.arraycopy(arr, 0, result, 0, j);

        return result;

    }


    // ... (main method as in the previous example)

}


Time Complexity: O(n log n) due to sorting

Choosing the Best Method:

 * HashSet: Most efficient for general cases due to its constant-time average lookup.

 * Two Pointers: Suitable for smaller arrays or when you need to avoid additional data structures.

 * Sorting: Efficient if the array is already partially sorted or if you need the output to be sorted.

By understanding these methods, you can choose the most appropriate approach for your specific needs and optimize your code accordingly.

 



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Friday, December 20, 2024

Fibonacci Sequence in Java, Using Loops, Recursion, Dynamic Programming

 

The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. It typically starts with 0 and 1, resulting in the sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so on.

This sequence has numerous applications in mathematics, computer science, and even nature. In this blog, we'll explore how to generate the Fibonacci sequence in Java using different approaches.

Iterative Approach

This is the most common and efficient method to generate the Fibonacci sequence. It involves using a loop to calculate each number in the sequence iteratively.

public class FibonacciIterative {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int n = 10; // Number of terms to generate

        int firstTerm = 0, secondTerm = 1;

        System.out.println("Fibonacci Series till " + n + " terms:");


        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {

            System.out.print(firstTerm + ", ");


            // compute the next term

            int nextTerm = firstTerm + secondTerm;

            firstTerm = secondTerm;

            secondTerm = nextTerm;

        }

    }

}


Recursive Approach

This approach uses recursion to calculate each Fibonacci number. While elegant, it can be less efficient for larger values of n due to repeated calculations.

public class FibonacciRecursive {

    public static int fibonacci(int n) {

        if (n <= 1)

            return n;

        return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);

    }


    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int n = 10; // Number of terms to generate

        System.out.println("Fibonacci Series till " + n + " terms:");

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

            System.out.print(fibonacci(i) + " ");

        }

    }

}


Dynamic Programming Approach (Memoization)

This approach improves the efficiency of the recursive solution by storing previously calculated Fibonacci numbers in an array. This avoids redundant calculations and significantly reduces the time complexity.

public class FibonacciMemoization {

    static int[] memo = new int[100]; // Array to store calculated values


    public static int fibonacci(int n) {

        if (n <= 1) {

            memo[n] = n;

            return n;

        } else if (memo[n] != 0) {

            return memo[n];

        } else {

            memo[n] = fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);

            return memo[n];

        }

    }


    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int n = 10; // Number of terms to generate

        System.out.println("Fibonacci Series till " + n + " terms:");

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

            System.out.print(fibonacci(i) + " ");

        }

    }

}


By understanding these different approaches, you can choose the most suitable method for your specific needs and optimize your Fibonacci sequence generation in Java.

I hope this blog provides a clear and comprehensive understanding of the Fibonacci sequence and its implementation in Java.



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Wednesday, December 11, 2024

Constructors in Java: Building Blocks of Objects


In Java, a constructor is a special type of method that is automatically called when an object of a class is created. It has the same name as the class and is responsible for initializing the object's state.

Key Characteristics of Constructors:

 * No Return Type: Constructors do not have a return type, not even void.

 * Same Name as Class: The constructor must have the same name as the class it belongs to.

 * Used for Initialization: Constructors are primarily used to:

   * Initialize instance variables with default or user-specified values.

   * Perform any necessary setup or configuration for the object.

Types of Constructors:

 * Default Constructor:

   * If no constructor is explicitly defined in a class, the compiler automatically provides a default constructor.

   * This default constructor has no parameters and initializes instance variables with their default values (e.g., 0 for integers, null for objects).

 * Parameterized Constructor:

   * A parameterized constructor accepts parameters, allowing you to provide initial values for the object's instance variables during object creation.

Example:

public class Car {

    String model;

    int year;


    // Default Constructor

    public Car() { 

        model = "Unknown"; 

        year = 0; 

    }


    // Parameterized Constructor

    public Car(String model, int year) {

        this.model = model; 

        this.year = year; 

    }

}


In this example:

 * The Car class has two constructors: a default constructor and a parameterized constructor.

 * The default constructor sets the model to "Unknown" and year to 0.

 * The parameterized constructor accepts model and year as parameters and initializes the instance variables accordingly.

Object Creation:

Car car1 = new Car(); // Using Default Constructor

Car car2 = new Car("Toyota Camry", 2023); // Using Parameterized Constructor


Key Points:

 * Constructors play a crucial role in object-oriented programming by ensuring that objects are properly initialized.

 * By using constructors, you can control how objects are created and provide them with initial values.

 * Understanding constructors is essential for writing clean, maintainable, and efficient Java code.

I hope this blog provides a clear understanding of constructors in Java!

 

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Tuesday, December 3, 2024

String vs. StringBuilder: A Deep Dive | Java

 

In Java, both String and StringBuilder are used to represent sequences of characters. However, they have distinct characteristics and use cases.

String: The Immutable Champion

 * Immutability: Once a String object is created, its value cannot be changed. Any operation on a String creates a new String object.

 * Efficiency for Read-Only Operations: String objects are highly efficient for read-only operations. The JVM can optimize their usage.

 * Security: Immutability makes String objects thread-safe, as multiple threads can access them without worrying about synchronization.

StringBuilder: The Mutable Maestro

 * Mutability: StringBuilder objects are mutable, meaning their content can be modified after creation.

 * Efficiency for Frequent Modifications: StringBuilder is more efficient for frequent modifications, such as appending, inserting, or deleting characters.

 * Flexibility: StringBuilder offers a wide range of methods for manipulating strings, making it a versatile tool for various string operations.

When to Use Which?

 * String:

   * When you need a simple, read-only sequence of characters.

   * When you're working with small strings that don't require frequent modifications.

   * When you need thread-safe string operations.

 * StringBuilder:

   * When you need to frequently modify a string, such as appending or inserting characters.

   * When you're working with large strings to avoid excessive object creation.

   * When you're building strings dynamically, like in loops or complex algorithms.

Example:

// Using String

String str1 = "Hello";

str1 = str1 + " World"; // Creates a new String object


// Using StringBuilder

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");

sb.append(" World"); // Modifies the existing StringBuilder object


In Conclusion

While both String and StringBuilder are essential tools for working with text in Java, understanding their key differences is crucial for writing efficient and effective code. By choosing the right tool for the job, you can optimize your string operations and improve the performance of your applications.

 


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Friday, November 29, 2024

Strings in Java: A Comprehensive Guide

 

What is a String?

In Java, a string is a sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes (""). It's an immutable data type, meaning once a string object is created, its value cannot be changed.

Common String Functions

Here are 10 of the most commonly used string functions in Java:

 * length(): Returns the length of the string (number of characters).

   String str = "Hello, World!";

int length = str.length(); // length = 13


 * charAt(index): Returns the character at the specified index.

   char ch = str.charAt(0); // ch = 'H'


 * concat(str): Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.

   String newStr = str.concat(" How are you?");


 * indexOf(str): Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring.

   int index = str.indexOf("World"); // index = 7


 * lastIndexOf(str): Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring.

   int lastIndex = str.lastIndexOf("o"); // lastIndex = 10


 * substring(beginIndex): Returns a new string that is a substring of this string, beginning at the specified beginIndex, extending to the end of this string.

   String subStr = str.substring(7); // subStr = "World!"


 * substring(beginIndex, endIndex): Returns a new string that is a substring of this string, beginning at the specified beginIndex, extending to the character at index endIndex - 1.

   String subStr = str.substring(0, 5); // subStr = "Hello"


 * toLowerCase(): Converts all of the characters in this String to lowercase.

   String lowerCaseStr = str.toLowerCase(); // lowerCaseStr = "hello, world!"


 * toUpperCase(): Converts all of the characters in this String to uppercase.

   String upperCaseStr = str.toUpperCase(); // upperCaseStr = "HELLO, WORLD!"


 * trim(): Returns a copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted.

String trimmedStr = " Hello, World! ".trim(); // trimmedStr = "Hello, World!"


Additional Tips

 * Use StringBuilder or StringBuffer for efficient string manipulation, especially when concatenating many strings.

 * Be aware of string immutability. Operations like concatenation create new string objects.

 * Utilize regular expressions for complex pattern matching and text manipulation.

 * Consider using libraries like Apache Commons Lang for additional string utility methods.

By mastering these fundamental string functions and techniques, you can effectively work with strings in your Java programs.


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Tuesday, November 19, 2024

Java Program to Print Prime Numbers from 0 to 100


Understanding Prime Numbers

A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. In simpler terms, a prime number is only divisible by 1 and itself. For instance, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29 are prime numbers.

Java Implementation

Here's a Java program to efficiently print all prime numbers between 0 and 100:

public class PrimeNumbers {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int number = 100;

        boolean isPrime;


        for (int i = 2; i <= number; i++) {

            isPrime = true;

            for (int j = 2; j <= Math.sqrt(i); j++) {

                if (i % j == 0) {

                    isPrime = false;

                    break;

                }

            }

            if (isPrime) {

                System.out.print(i + " ");

            }

        }

    }

}


Explanation:

 * Initialization: We initialize a variable number to 100, representing the upper limit. We also initialize a boolean variable isPrime to track whether a number is prime or not.

 * Outer Loop: The outer loop iterates from 2 to number. We start from 2 because 1 is not considered a prime number.

 * Inner Loop: The inner loop iterates from 2 to the square root of the current number i. This optimization is based on the fact that if a number i is not divisible by any number less than or equal to its square root, it's prime.

 * Prime Number Check: If i is divisible by any number j in the inner loop, isPrime is set to false, indicating that i is not prime.

 * Printing Prime Numbers: If the isPrime flag remains true after the inner loop, i is a prime number, and it's printed to the console.

Key Points:

 * Efficiency: The square root optimization significantly improves the efficiency of the algorithm, especially for larger numbers.

 * Clarity: The code is well-structured and easy to understand, with clear variable names and comments.

 * Correctness: The algorithm accurately identifies and prints prime numbers within the specified range.

 * Flexibility: The code can be easily modified to print prime numbers within a different range by changing the number variable.

By understanding the concept of prime numbers and applying this efficient Java implementation, you can effectively generate and print prime numbers as needed.



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Sunday, November 10, 2024

Classes and Objects in Java: The Building Blocks of Object-Oriented Programming

 


Understanding the Basics

In Java, everything is an object. Objects are instances of classes. A class is a blueprint that defines the properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) of an object.

What is a Class?

A class is a user-defined data type that acts as a blueprint for creating objects. It encapsulates data members (variables) and member methods (functions) that operate on those data members.

Example:

class Car {

    String color;

    String model;

    int year;


    void start() {

        System.out.println("Car started");

    }


    void stop() {

        System.out.println("Car stopped");

    }

}


In this example, Car is a class that defines the properties of a car (color, model, year) and its behaviors (start, stop).

What is an Object?

An object is an instance of a class. It represents a real-world entity with its own state and behavior.

Example:

Car myCar = new Car();

myCar.color = "red";

myCar.model = "Sedan";

myCar.year = 2023;

myCar.start();


Here, myCar is an object of the Car class. It has its own specific properties (color, model, year) and can perform its own actions (start, stop).

Key Concepts:

 * Encapsulation: Wrapping data and methods within a class to protect data integrity and control access.

 * Inheritance: Creating new classes (child classes) that inherit properties and behaviors from existing classes (parent classes).

 * Polymorphism: The ability of objects of different types to be treated as objects of a common superclass.

Why Use Classes and Objects?

 * Modularity: Breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable units.

 * Reusability: Creating reusable components that can be used in different parts of your application.

 * Maintainability: Easier to understand, test, and modify code.

 * Real-world Modeling: Representing real-world entities and their interactions.

By mastering the concepts of classes and objects, you can create well-structured, efficient, and maintainable Java programs.



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Tuesday, November 5, 2024

Garbage Collection in Java: A Deep Dive


Introduction

In Java, memory management is a critical aspect that ensures efficient utilization of system resources. One of the key mechanisms that automates this process is Garbage Collection. Unlike languages like C and C++, where manual memory management is required, Java's Garbage Collector takes care of reclaiming memory that is no longer in use.

What is Garbage Collection?

Garbage Collection is an automatic memory management process that identifies and reclaims memory occupied by objects that are no longer needed by the program. It operates in the background, freeing up memory for new object allocations.

The Garbage Collection Process

 * Object Creation: When an object is created in Java, it's allocated memory on the heap.

 * Object Usage: The object is used by the program.

 * Object Reachability: As long as an object is reachable from a live thread, it's considered live.

 * Object Unreachability: When an object becomes unreachable, it's marked as garbage.

 * Garbage Collection Trigger: The Garbage Collector is triggered periodically or when the heap is low on memory.

 * Garbage Collection Process: The Garbage Collector identifies unreachable objects and reclaims their memory.

Types of Garbage Collectors in Java

Java provides several types of Garbage Collectors, each with its own strengths and weaknesses:

 * Serial Collector:

   * Simple and efficient for single-threaded applications.

   * Stops all application threads during garbage collection.

 * Parallel Collector:

   * Suitable for multi-threaded applications with multiple CPUs.

   * Improves performance by using multiple threads for garbage collection.

 * Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS) Collector:

   * Minimizes application pauses by performing most of the work concurrently with application threads.

   * Good for low-latency applications.

 * G1 (Garbage-First) Collector:

   * Designed for large heaps and multi-processor systems.

   * Divides the heap into regions and prioritizes garbage collection of regions with the most garbage.

Best Practices for Garbage Collection

 * Avoid Unnecessary Object Creation: Minimize object creation to reduce the garbage collector's workload.

 * Null Unused References: Set unused references to null to make them eligible for garbage collection.

 * Use Object Pooling: Reuse objects to avoid frequent creation and destruction.

 * Monitor Garbage Collection Logs: Analyze GC logs to identify potential performance bottlenecks.

 * Tune Garbage Collector Settings: Adjust GC settings to optimize performance for specific workloads.

Conclusion

Garbage Collection is a powerful feature of Java that simplifies memory management and improves application performance. By understanding the principles of garbage collection and following best practices, you can write more efficient and reliable Java applications.



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Sunday, November 3, 2024

Breaking Free and Continuing On: A Deep Dive into Break and Continue in Java

 


In the world of programming, loops are indispensable tools that allow us to execute a block of code repeatedly. However, there are instances where we might want to prematurely exit a loop or skip certain iterations. This is where the break and continue statements come into play.

Breaking Free: The break Statement

The break statement is a powerful tool that allows us to immediately terminate the execution of the innermost loop it's enclosed in. Once the break statement is encountered, the program control jumps to the statement immediately following the loop.

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

    if (i == 5) {

        break; // Exit the loop when i reaches 5

    }

    System.out.println(i);

}


This code will print numbers from 1 to 4, and then the loop will be broken.

Continuing On: The continue Statement

The continue statement, on the other hand, is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and move directly to the next iteration. This is particularly useful when you want to avoid executing certain parts of the loop for specific conditions.

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

    if (i % 2 == 0) {

        continue; // Skip even numbers

    }

    System.out.println(i);

}


This code will print only the odd numbers from 1 to 9.

When to Use Break and Continue

 * Break:

   * To exit a loop prematurely, often based on a specific condition.

   * To terminate a nested loop from an inner loop.

 * Continue:

   * To skip the current iteration and move to the next one.

   * To optimize the loop by avoiding unnecessary calculations or operations.

Cautionary Note

While break and continue can be powerful tools, excessive use can make your code less readable and harder to maintain. It's important to use them judiciously and only when necessary to improve the clarity and efficiency of your loops.

By understanding and effectively using break and continue, you can write more concise and efficient loops in your Java programs.



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Tuesday, October 22, 2024

Mastering Conditional Statements in Java: A Comprehensive Guide. Explained in detail #java #btechcomputerscience


Introduction

Conditional statements are essential programming constructs that allow your code to make decisions based on different conditions. In Java, there are three main types of conditional statements: if, else if, and else. Let's explore each of these types in detail.

1. If Statement

The if statement is the simplest form of conditional statement. It executes a block of code only if a specified condition is true.

if (condition) {

    // Code to be executed if the condition is true

}


Example:

int age = 25;

if (age >= 18) {

    System.out.println("You are eligible to vote.");

}


2. Else If Statement

The else if statement is used to check multiple conditions. It executes the code block associated with the first condition that is true.

if (condition1) {

    // Code to be executed if condition1 is true

} else if (condition2) {

    // Code to be executed if condition1 is false and condition2 is true

} else if (condition3) {

    // Code to be executed if condition1 and condition2 are false and condition3 is true

}


Example:

int grade = 85;

if (grade >= 90) {

    System.out.println("You got an A.");

} else if (grade >= 80) {

    System.out.println("You got a B.");

} else if (grade >= 70) {

    System.out.println("You got a C.");

} else {

    System.out.println("You got a D or below.");

}


3. Else Statement

The else statement is used to execute code if none of the previous conditions are true.

if (condition) {

    // Code to be executed if the condition is true

} else {

    // Code to be executed if the condition is false

}


Example:

boolean isRaining = true;

if (isRaining) {

    System.out.println("Take an umbrella.");

} else {

    System.out.println("Enjoy the sunny day!");

}


Nested Conditional Statements

You can also nest conditional statements within each other to create more complex decision-making logic.

if (condition1) {

    if (condition2) {

        // Code to be executed if both conditions are true

    } else {

        // Code to be executed if condition1 is true but condition2 is false

    }

} else {

    // Code to be executed if condition1 is false

}


Conclusion

Conditional statements are a powerful tool in Java programming. By understanding and effectively using if, else if, and else statements, you can create more flexible and dynamic applications. Practice using these statements in different scenarios to solidify your understanding and become a more proficient Java developer.

 

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Thursday, October 17, 2024

Mastering Loops concept in Java: A Comprehensive Guide - for loop, while loop, do-while loop

Introduction

Loops are a fundamental programming construct that allows us to repeatedly execute a block of code until a certain condition is met. In Java, there are three main types of loops: for, while, and do-while. Let's explore each of these types in detail.


1. For Loop

The for loop is a versatile loop that is often used when we know in advance how many times we need to iterate. It consists of three parts: initialization, condition, and increment/decrement.

for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {

    // Code to be executed

}


Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

    System.out.println("Iteration " + (i + 1));

}


This code will print "Iteration 1" to "Iteration 5".



2. While Loop

The while loop is used when we don't know the exact number of iterations beforehand, but we have a condition to check. It continues to execute as long as the condition is true.

while (condition) {

    // Code to be executed

}


Example:

int count = 1;

while (count <= 10) {

    System.out.println(count);

    count++;

}


This code will print numbers from 1 to 10.



3. Do-While Loop

The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but it guarantees that the code inside the loop will be executed at least once, even if the condition is initially false.

do {

    // Code to be executed

} while (condition);


Example:

int number = 0;

do {

    System.out.println("Enter a positive number:");

    number = scanner.nextInt();

} while (number <= 0);


This code will keep prompting the user to enter a positive number until a valid input is provided.



Conclusion

Understanding loops is essential for writing efficient and effective Java programs. By choosing the right loop for a given task, you can simplify your code and avoid unnecessary complexity. Practice using different types of loops to solidify your understanding and become a more proficient Java developer.


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Friday, October 11, 2024

Happy Numbers in Java | What is Happy and Unhappy number? Example of Happy number and Java code for Happy number

Question:

What is a happy number, and how can we determine if a given number is happy in Java?

Understanding Happy Numbers

A happy number is a positive integer that, when repeatedly replaced by the sum of the squares of its digits, eventually reaches 1. If it doesn't reach 1 after an infinite number of iterations, it is considered an unhappy number.

Example of a Happy Number:

 * Start with 19.

 * 1² + 9² = 82

 * 8² + 2² = 68

 * 6² + 8² = 100

 * 1² + 0² + 0² = 1

Since the number eventually reaches 1, 19 is a happy number.

Example of an Unhappy Number:

 * Start with 4.

 * 4² = 16

 * 1² + 6² = 37

 * 3² + 7² = 58

 * 5² + 8² = 89

 * 8² + 9² = 145

 * 1² + 4² + 5² = 42

 * ...

The pattern continues indefinitely without reaching 1, making 4 an unhappy number.

Java Program to Determine Happy Numbers

import java.util.HashSet;


public class HappyNumber {

    public static boolean isHappy(int n) {

        HashSet<Integer> seen = new HashSet<>();


        while (n != 1) {

            int sum = 0;

            while (n > 0) {

                int digit = n % 10;

                sum += digit * digit;

                n /= 10;

            }

            n = sum;


            if (seen.contains(n)) {

                return false; // Found a cycle, not a happy number

            }

            seen.add(n);

        }


        return true; // Reached 1, it's a happy number

    }


    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int number = 19;

        if (isHappy(number)) {

            System.out.println(number + " is a happy number.");

        } else {

            System.out.println(number + " is not a happy number.");

        }

    }

}


Explanation:

 * HashSet: We use a HashSet to keep track of the numbers encountered during the iteration. If a number is encountered again, it indicates a cycle and the number is not happy.

 * Sum of Squares: The while loop calculates the sum of the squares of the digits of the current number.

 * Cycle Detection: If the calculated sum is already in the HashSet, it means a cycle has been detected, and the number is not happy.

 * Checking for 1: If the sum reaches 1, it means the number is happy.

This program efficiently determines if a given number is happy by avoiding infinite loops and using a HashSet for cycle detection.


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